According to the general theory of relativity, a black hole is a region of space from which nothing, including light, can escape. It is the result of the denting of spacetime caused by a very compact mass. Around a black hole there is an undetectable surface which marks the point of no return, called anevent horizon. It is called "black" because it absorbs all the light that hits it, reflecting nothing, just like a perfect black body in thermodynamics. Under the theory of quantum mechanics black holes possess a temperature and emit Hawking radiation through slow dissipation by anti-protons.
Despite its undetectable interior, a black hole can be observed through its interaction with matter. A black hole can be inferred by tracking the movement of a group of stars that orbit a region in space. Alternatively, when gas falls into a stellar black hole from a companion star or nebula, the gas spirals inward, heating to very high temperatures and emitting large amounts of radiation that can be detected from earthbound and Earth-orbiting telescopes.
There are at least two different ways to describe how big something is. We can say how much mass it has, or we can say how much space it takes up. Let's talk first about the masses of black holes.
Let's suppose that you get into your spaceship and point it straight towards the million-solar-mass black hole in the center of our galaxy. (Actually, there's some debate about whether our galaxy contains a central black hole, but let's assume it does for the moment.) Starting from a long way away from the black hole, you just turn off your rockets and coast in. What happens?
Let's suppose that you get into your spaceship and point it straight towards the million-solar-mass black hole in the center of our galaxy. (Actually, there's some debate about whether our galaxy contains a central black hole, but let's assume it does for the moment.) Starting from a long way away from the black hole, you just turn off your rockets and coast in. What happens?
There is no limit in principle to how much or how little mass a black hole can have. Any amount of mass at all can in principle be made to form a black hole if you compress it to a high enough density. We suspect that most of the black holes that are actually out there were produced in the deaths of massive stars, and so we expect those black holes to weigh about as much as a massive star. A typical mass for such a stellar black hole would be about 10 times the mass of the Sun, or about 10^{31} kilograms. (Here I'm using scientific notation: 10^{31} means a 1 with 31 zeroes after it, or 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.) Astronomers also suspect that many galaxies harbor extremely massive black holes at their centers. These are thought to weigh about a million times as much as the Sun, or 10^{36} kilograms.
The more massive a black hole is, the more space it takes up. In fact, the Schwarzschild radius (which means the radius of the horizon) and the mass are directly proportional to one another: if one black hole weighs ten times as much as another, its radius is ten times as large. A black hole with a mass equal to that of the Sun would have a radius of 3 kilometers. So a typical 10-solar-mass black hole would have a radius of 30 kilometers, and a million-solar-mass black hole at the center of a galaxy would have a radius of 3 million kilometers. Three million kilometers may sound like a lot, but it's actually not so big by astronomical standards. The Sun, for example, has a radius of about 700,000 kilometers, and so that supermassive black hole has a radius only about four times bigger than the Sun.
At first, you don't feel any gravitational forces at all. Since you're in free fall, every part of your body and your spaceship is being pulled in the same way, and so you feel weightless. (This is exactly the same thing that happens to astronauts in Earth orbit: even though both astronauts and space shuttle are being pulled by the Earth's gravity, they don't feel any gravitational force because everything is being pulled in exactly the same way.) As you get closer and closer to the center of the hole, though, you start to feel "tidal" gravitational forces. Imagine that your feet are closer to the center than your head. The gravitational pull gets stronger as you get closer to the center of the hole, so your feet feel a stronger pull than your head does. As a result you feel "stretched." (This force is called a tidal force because it is exactly like the forces that cause tides on earth.) These tidal forces get more and more intense as you get closer to the center, and eventually they will rip you apart.
For a very large black hole like the one you're falling into, the tidal forces are not really noticeable until you get within about 600,000 kilometers of the center. Note that this is after you've crossed the horizon. If you were falling into a smaller black hole, say one that weighed as much as the Sun, tidal forces would start to make you quite uncomfortable when you were about 6000 kilometers away from the center, and you would have been torn apart by them long before you crossed the horizon. (That's why we decided to let you jump into a big black hole instead of a small one: we wanted you to survive at least until you got inside.)
What do you see as you are falling in? Surprisingly, you don't necessarily see anything particularly interesting. Images of faraway objects may be distorted in strange ways, since the black hole's gravity bends light, but that's about it. In particular, nothing special happens at the moment when you cross the horizon. Even after you've crossed the horizon, you can still see things on the outside: after all, the light from the things on the outside can still reach you. No one on the outside can see you, of course, since the light from you can't escape past the horizon.
How long does the whole process take? Well, of course, it depends on how far away you start from. Let's say you start at rest from a point whose distance from the singularity is ten times the black hole's radius. Then for a million-solar-mass black hole, it takes you about 8 minutes to reach the horizon. Once you've gotten that far, it takes you only another seven seconds to hit the singularity. By the way, this time scales with the size of the black hole, so if you'd jumped into a smaller black hole, your time of death would be that much sooner.
sources:
http://cosmology.berkeley.edu/Education/BHfaq.html
http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole
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CRISENCIO M. PANER
CP :
0915-1429675
Email :
panercris@gmail.com
EDUCATION
•
Ph.D. in Biological Science
(candidate)
University of Santo Tomas,
Graduate School
- M.S.
Microbiology
University of Santo Tomas
Thesis: “Chemical Control of Fungi Infesting Easel Oil Paintings at
University of Santo Tomas Museum
of Arts and Sciences”
Published in: Prime Journal of Microbiology Research
- Italian
Scholarship Grant
Restoration and Conservation of Artworks Attacked by Biological Agents
Istituto Centrale Per Il Restauro, Rome, Italy (January 1-June 30, 2004)
- B.S.
Biochemistry
University of Santo Tomas
- Professional
Teaching Certification Program (Major in Biological Science)
Caloocan City Polytechnic College
PUBLICATIONS
Book:
Co-author in LET Reviewer in
Biology, 2006-2010 eds. Published by MET Inc.
ISBN
# 97193249-6-1, sold in National Bookstores
Articles:
- Understanding Museum Pests: The
Molds. CFAD Atelier
Journal, University of Santo Tomas,
Vol. 2 No. 1, 2003-2004, pp. 80-83
- On the Conservation of 20th
Century Color Photographs Attacked by Molds. CFAD Atelier Journal, UST., Vol.
2 No. 1, 2003-2004, pp. 106-113
- Witnessing the Glory of Italy in
Its Art History and Ancient Spaces. CFAD Atelier Journal, UST, Vol. 3 No. 1, 2004-2005,
pp. 55-72
- _______________. Panorama
Magazine, November 13, 2005, pp. 12, 13, & 21.
- Deterioration
of Paintings and Painting Components Caused by Microorganisms. CFAD Atelier Journal, UST., Vol.
3 No. 1, 2004-2005, pp. 91-94
- Microbial Deterioration of
Painting Materials. CFAD Atelier Journal, UST., Vol. 3 No. 1, 2004-2005,
pp. 94-97.
- Conservation
of Paintings Attacked by Molds. In College Freshman English Book II. Agalabia, U.,
Aranda, R., et. al., pp. 124-125, UST Publishing House, 2004
- Today’s
Restoration Establishments. CFAD Atelier Journal, UST., Vol. 4 & 5 No. 1, 2005-2006 &
2006-2007, pp. 95-99
RESEARCH WORK
·
Indoor
Air Quality of Beato Angelico Building of the University of Santo Tomas -Commissioned
by UST (Nov. 2009-May 2010)
BLOGS/ADS
WORK EXPERIENCE
- Instructor
5, CFAD, IPEA, Pharmacy, CTHM, University of Santo Tomas
SY 1995-Present
Subjects taught: Organic
Chemistry lab., Statistics, College
Algebra,
Algebra with
Trigonometry, Business Math, Physics,
Plane & Solid
Geometry, Environmental Science, Biology
- Part Time Instructor, Our Lady of Perpetual
Help College, Manila
Subjects taught: Food Microbiology (Lecture and Laboratory)
- Part Time Instructor, St.
Paul’s College, Quezon City
Subjects taught: Lec. & Lab: General Microbiology, Biochemistry,
Microtechnique
- Part Time Instructor, Unciano Colleges and
General Hospital, Inc., Manila
Subjects taught: Lec. & Lab: General Microbiology and Parasitology,
Inorganic Chemistry,
Comparative
Anatomy, Botany, Organic Chemistry, General Zoology,
Biology,
Biochemistry
OTHER PROFESSIONAL
EXPERIENCE
·
Editor and Professional
Consultant,
MET Publishing House, Manila
·
Microbiologist, Silver Swan Manufacturing Inc.,Panghulo,
Malabon
·
Biochemist, Watercare Philippines, Inc., Valenzuela City
·
Food Production
Researcher(Mushroom Culture), TWH, Inc., Cainta Rizal
·
Review Director for LET, Center for Educational Excellence, Inc.
·
Project Consultant on
“Biodeterioration of Artworks”, Paper Conservation Laboratory, Archives Dept., Arzobispado de Manila
Projects: Conservation of paintings by
Fernando Amorsolo, Botong Francisco,
Ben Cab, Cezar Legaspi, Simon Flores, Betsy Westerndorp
·
Licensure Exams For
Teachers (LET) Reviewer at:
- Malabon City University,MET Review Center, UST-College of Education, Caloocan Polytechnic College,
Trinity College, & Center for Educational Excellence Inc.
AWARDS AND HONORS
- Beato Angelico Service Award
- 10th
Placer (85.60%), Licensure Examinations for Teachers (LET)
- Full
College Scholarship by Lourdes Reyes Foundation
- Professional
Civil Service Examinations, weighted ave: 86.49%
- Valedictorian,
High School
- Salutatorian,
Elementary
- Certificate of Appreciation as
resource speaker on the topic “Visual Arts and Restorations”,
Faculty-Student Art Forum, Beato Angelico Bldg.,UST.
- Recognition Award for invaluable
support and committed service to HARIBON UST as adviser from 2002-2004
- Honored
as 4th Degree(highest degree) member of
the Knights of Columbus
Given by Philippine District IV-NCR
·
Loyalty and Faithful Award for 13 years
of Service
Knights of Columbus UST- Faculty Council 4321
·
Dedicated and Competent Service Award as LET
Reviewer
Malabon City
University
·
Champion, Pautakan Quiz Bee for Coaches, UST
·
Family of the Year Award
Knights of Columbus UST Faculty Council 4321
·
UST Graduate School Thesis
Writing Grant
UST
Graduate School Alumni Association
·
Certificate of Recognition
for invaluable Contribution as Lecturer/Reviewer
Pilot
Project on Review Classes for Licensure Examinations for Teachers
College
of Education, UST
· Certificate of Appreciation as guest speaker on the topic “Products that Cause Cancer”,
given by NEWAYS International (Phils.), Makati City
TRAINING /SEMINAR WORKSHOPS
- Seminar
on Test and Measurement Evaluation
- Seminar
on Principles/Philosophy of Education
·
Faculty
Development Seminar
- Traditional Filipino Art
- Curriculum Development
- Rubrics Development Across
Disciplines
- Certificate on Adobe Photoshop
- Certificate on PC Troubleshooting
and Networking
- The Ethics of Teaching
- Rights and Responsibilities of
the Faculty Members, Academic and Administrative Officials and Office
Staff Seminar
- UST-CFAD
Planning and Development Seminar
- Shepherding the Shepherds
- Workshop
on Syllabus Construction
- Textbook
and Learning Materials Development
- Computer
Literacy on Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop, & MS Excel
- Symposium on Waste
Management
- Ecological Symposium
- Bringing Out the Best in Me
and the Best in You
- Integrating
Media in Classroom Instruction( Design, Production, and Utilization of
Media)
- Principles
and Methods of Humane Educators
- Certificate on Basic
Industrial Electronics
- Certificate
on Information Technology
- Symposium
on the Preservation of our Environment
·
Research Colloquia on
Indoor Air and Water Quality in Relation to Building Design
·
Convention of Philippine Association
of Academic Biochemists,
- 16th
Annual Convention of Philippine Biochemical Society
- Script
Writing Workshop
- Basic
Business and Financial Management
AFFILIATIONS
- Member,
CFAD- Adhoc Committee on Math Department
- Member,
CFAD-Committee on Environmental Advocacy
- Member,
CFAD-Adhoc Committee on Value Formation
- Board
of Director
Philippine Association for the Scientific
Conservation of Cultural Properties
- Deputy Grand
Knight, Knights of Columbus UST Faculty Council No. 4321
- Auditor
College of Fine Arts
& Design Faculty Association
- Adviser, HARIBON UST
- Business
Manager, NOH-SCC Alumni Association
- Member,
Outreach Program Committee
College of Architecture and Fine Arts
LANGUAGES SPOKEN
English,
Filipino, Italian, Japanese
OTHER SPECIAL SKILLS/TALENTS
- Thesis Editing/Research
Assistance
- Computer operation using MS Word,
Excel, Powerpoint, Adobe Photoshop, Internet
- Computer Hardware repair and
Software installations
- Website/Blog Construction/SEO/Internet
Marketing
- Photography
- Swimming
- Playing Banduria
- Singing
- Riding ATV
